[留学生essay写作] 约翰·济慈诗歌中生存与死亡观的英语分析

时间:2020-11-25 01:01 来源: 代写essay

摘要：本文是一篇英语论文，本文试图分析诗歌中诗人对生死的消极态度和积极态度，旨在为研究济慈诗歌中所包含的生死观提供新的视角。 本文是一篇英语论文，本文分析了济慈诗歌中死亡界限的......

本文是一篇英语论文，本文试图分析诗歌中诗人对生死的消极态度和积极态度，旨在为研究济慈诗歌中所包含的生死观提供新的视角。

本文是一篇英语论文，本文分析了济慈诗歌中“死亡界限”的概念，主要以《秋颂》为例作详细解析。在《秋颂》中，济慈阐释了死亡界限的理念。承认死亡对生命的威胁并不是为了让人消极悲观，而是提醒人类对如何生存进行思考，对待生命最好的态度，一种既不沉溺于过去，

也不为还没有到来的死亡所忧虑，而是对当下生活充满珍惜的态度。促使人类达到生命最好的状态。他的诗歌给了后人生活的启示：人不能在应该体验生活的时候选择自我沉溺，而是要以开放的心态体验生活的参差多样。

Chapter One   Negative Attitude Towards Death and Life

1.1 Attitude From Life Experience
Keats was firstly influenced by his father’s death at the age of eight.  It struck him heavily and his life had been blighted by death. Even worse, in the last year of his  education  at  Enfield,  his  mother  was  struck  down  with  tuberculosis.  Although Keats  tended  his mother carefully,  she  died  in  March  of  1810.  Such  miserable experience  caused  Keats’  panic  of  death  and  he  slid  into  a depression. This mentality is articulated in  Rita Charon’s work “Academic Medicine”.  In the work, Charon  illustrated  the  mental  state of  the persons who  take  care  of  patients.  He wrote “A man caring for those who are ill, he bears witness to other’s pain, and he simultaneously exposes himself to suffering and endures the burden of his witness.” (Charon  234).  Keats’  mental  burden  can  be inferred  from  the witness  of  his mother’s  illness  and  death.  Watching  the  fatal  disease  tortured  his  mother,  Keats was  also anguished.  He  loved his  mother,  so  his mother’s  painful  disease  suffered him. Besides, Keats felt despair that he could do nothing for his mother. Under that mental pressure, Keats was fear of death. Furthermore, the negative attitude towards life  was  influenced  by his  medical  profession. Being  a  surgical  apprentice,  Keats had to observe operations and to take care of patients. At that time, his daily life was fulfilled with blood, sickness and death. The environment deeply influenced Keats’ view of life. Exposed in such an unhealthy and gloomy environment, Keats’ attitude towards  life  was  distorted.  He  lacked  the  confidence  of  life.  He  regarded  that life was so fragile that any mistake or carelessness would take human’s life. Goellnicht recorded  Keats’  anxiety  in  his  letter  “Keats’ fear  of  failure  as  a  surgeon,  of destroying instead of saving life” (Goellnicht 44). Keats was full of insecurity of life because of his miserable experiences, so he daren’t operate on his patients.
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1.2  Melancholy  and  Detachment  in  Endymion  and  I  Stood Tip-toe
Keats  was  enclosed  by  melancholy  during  the  course  of  writing  the  second stanza of “Endymion”. His brother’s deteriorating illness plagued him and he was ill himself. Keats was involved in worry and distress. Keats wrote down the poem with bitterness:
But this is human life: the war, the deeds, The disappointment, the anxiety, [...] How quiet death is. (Keats 153)
The sense of depression is expressed between the lines. Tom’s fatal disease caused Keats’ world-weary feeling. The line “but this is human life: the war, the deeds, the disappointment,  the  anxiety”,  Keats  regarded  that  human’s  life  was  inseparable from misfortunes. Being troubled by the sufferings of daily life, Keats was tired of the real world. This stanza reveals Keats’ melancholy. He considered that life was full  of  bitterness  and  he  was  bored  with  his  life.  The  line  “How  quiet  death  is” articulates Keats’ disappointment of human’s life and he was eager to escape from his life. Experienced several misfortunes in life, Keats is tired of the secular world physically and mentally, so he was eager to get the tranquility that was brought by death. 
Besides,  his  brother  Tom  was  critically  ill  at  that  moment,  which  depressed him. Witness his brother’s alarming symptoms,  Keats felt that part of his own life was passing away. In his letters to his sister Fanny, he articulated such feeling: “my own vitality ebbing way with Tom’s life” (Keats 267). This feeling can be analyzed by borrowing Heidegger’s account of “being”. Heidegger wrote as follows “Being concerns  with  the  world  and  with  others.  The  complete  conditions  of  being  are being-in-the-world,  being-with-others, and being-toward-death”  (Heidegger  53).  If others  die,  the  condition  “being-with-others”  can’t  be  completely  satisfied.  Thus, others’ death  attenuates  the  “being”  of  us.  Therefore,  watching  Tom’s  alarming symptoms, Keats felt his life’s attenuation. Furthermore, “others” specially refers to our relatives. Since there is an emotion connection between our relatives and us, the fatal disease or death of our relatives make a strong impact on our heart. 
.........................

Chapter Two   Living Towards Death

2.1  Transcendency  in  The  Fall  of  Hyperion  and  After  Dark Vapours
Keats’ calm attitude towards life and death originates from his familiarity with death. Death took away  what he cherished in his life, so Keats regarded that none beautiful and joyful things in life could be everlasting in the world. Thus, he didn’t cling  to  the  happy moments  in  his  life.  Besides,  Keats  believed  that  human  could get rid of miseries, pains and sicknesses by death. Therefore, he didn’t live in denial of death. This calm attitude makes his poems convey the feeling of transcendence. More importantly, a sense of death in his poems appeals to his readers to introspect the attitude towards death in their lifetime. In the poem “The Fall of Hyperion”, the description of  Moneta’s appearance reveals  Keats’ placid mood. “A wan face, not pin’d by human sorrows, but bright blanch’d by an immortal sickness which kills not. It works a constant change, which happy death. Can put no end to deathwards progressing” (Keats 367).  Keats  implied  that  human  life  was  threatened  by  death perpetually  through  the  word  “immortal  sickness”.  It  suggests that human’s  life can’t  get  rid  of  the  sickness.  Even  worse,  sickness  can  be  easy  to  take  away  life. Besides, the last line “Can put no end to deathwards progressing” can be analyzed by  the  view  of  Heidegger  that  human  life  is  a  movement  towards  death. “Death exists in life absolutely and constantly” (Heidegger 58). The whole stanza describes sickness  but  there  is  no  sorrowful attitude.  Moneta  is  pale  and  sick  but  under  the threat of death, she seems fearless. Conversely, Moneta waited for death peacefully and she accepted the coming death without any struggle. Since death is inevitable, struggle and evasion are unwise. Admitting the inevitability of death and accepting death tranquilly are the sensible life attitudes.
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2.2 Peaceful Mind in To Autumn
Human life may end at any moment. Living in the world means living towards death.  Life  is  transient,  and  death  will  terminate  all the things  including  the sufferings.  Therefore,  life  is  worthy  of  cherishing,  and  self-indulgence  in  the miseries  is  a  waste  of  life. Keats  tolerated  the  sufferings  that  he  experienced,  and even  regarded  these  miserable  things  as  baptism  that  purified  his soul.  In  John Keats’ letter, he mentioned “Call the world if you please the vale of soul-making.Then  you will find out the use of the world” (Keats 121). These sentences present his perception of life. Although he suffered a great many pains in the world, he still held positive  attitude  towards  life.  He  strongly  believed  that  his  soul  would  be complete and noble after the baptism of sufferings in the world. It is the pains that cultivate the holiness of soul. After the baptism of sufferings, Keats accepted pains frankly and achieved peaceful mind. Life is full of miseries, but life also offers the poet  beautiful  sensation  which  is  the  main  inspiration  of  his  poems. Keats  calm attitude can be attributed to his peaceful mood of death and his appreciation of life. Keats cherished every living moment in life and accepted the sufferings in the world tolerantly.
Keats’  achieves  the  peaceful  life  state  by  enjoying  the  beauty  in  the  secular world  together  with  death-bound  attitude.  In order  to  illustrate  the  view  more eloquently,  the  concept  of  phenomenology  of  Heidegger  has  been  employed.  In Heidegger’s philosophical  idea,  “being”  is  in  a  state  of  movement  and  it  is threatened  to  decline.  Thus,  “being”  has  “finitude”.  Heidegger explains  that  the human’s consciousness of “being” is “I think I am” as “I am dying”. “Dying” exists in  the  life  absolutely  and constantly.  In  Being  and  Time,  Heidegger  articulates  the feature of being-toward-death “What is peculiar to the certainty of death is that it is possible  in  every  moment.  Together  with  the  certainty  of  death  goes  the indefiniteness  of  its  when”  (Heidegger  43). Death  is  omnipresent in human’s life, which is certain. However, the moment of death in people’s life is uncertain. People may die at any time. It suggests “the indefiniteness of its when” (Heidegger 43). Keats’  death-bound  life  attitude  puts  the  emphasis  on  the limitation  of  life.  He conveys that people living in the world are under the threat of death at any moment. This  thesis  argues  that Keats’  death-bound  attitude  suggests  his  self-control. 
...........................
Chapter Three Living After Death.......................................31
3.1 The Pursuit of Humane Solicitude in Endymion and Ode to Psyche...........33
3.2 The Meaning of Beauty and Truth in Ode on a Grecian Urn.......................36
3.3 The Circulation of Immortal Poems............................39

Chapter Three   Living After Death

3.1 The Pursuit of Humane Solicitude in Endymion and Ode to Psyche
John  Keats  believed  that  human  would  get  the  immortality  through  love  of lives  and  sympathy  with  others.  This  view  has been  deliberately  articulated  in  his poem  “Endymion”.  Endymion  was  awarded  the  immortal  life  through  his  love  of Phoebe.  In order to pursue his  love, Endymion experienced the  arduous  adventure and saved several people who underwent the suffering. In return, he won the love of Phoebe and the immortality. In Sidney Colvin’s view, “Endymion is successful only after his heart has been purified by sympathy with the lives and sufferings of others” (Colvin  172).  Endymion’s  adventure  symbolizes  the  growth  of  the poet’s  love  of humanity.  At  first,  Endymion’s  love  of  Phoebe  suggests  the  poet’s  pursuit  of  the ideal world and his evasion of reality. In Robert Bridges’ eye, Phoebe is “Poetry or the  ideality  of  desired  objects.  It  is  the  supersensuous  quality  which  makes all desired  objects  ideal”  (Bridge  64).  It  represents  Keats’  detachment  from  the  real world.  Poems  are  the  great  consolation  to him.  During  the  adventure,  Endymion helps the lovers who are in suffering “I urge thee, gentle Goddess of my pilgrimage. By our eternal hopes, to soothe, to assuage. If thou art powerful, these lovers’ pains; and make them happy in some happy plains” (Keats 13). 
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Conclusion

[留学生essay写作] 约翰·济慈诗歌中生存与死亡观的英语分析http://www.0592w.com/lunwenfanwen/4473.html

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